All About the Rock Called Chert

All About the Rock Called Chert Chert is the name for a widespread type of sedimentary rock that is made of silica (silicon dioxide or SiO2). The most familiar silica mineral is quartz in microscopic or even invisible crystals- that is, microcrystalline or cryptocrystalline quartz. Learn more about how it is made and find out what it is made of. Chert Ingredients Like other sedimentary rocks, chert starts with particles accumulating. In this case, it happened in bodies of water. The particles are the skeletons (called tests) of plankton, microscopic creatures that spend their lives floating in the water column. Plankton secrete their tests using one of two substances that are dissolved in water: calcium carbonate or silica. When the organisms die, their tests sink to the bottom and accumulate in a growing blanket of microscopic sediment called ooze. Ooze is usually a mixture of plankton tests and extremely fine-grained clay minerals. A clay ooze, of course, eventually becomes claystone. An ooze that is primarily calcium carbonate (aragonite or calcite), a calcareous ooze, typically turns into a rock of the limestone group. Chert is derived from a siliceous ooze. The composition of ooze depends on details of geography: ocean currents, the availability of nutrients in the water, world climate, depth in the ocean, and other factors. Siliceous ooze is mostly made of the tests of diatoms (one-celled algae) and radiolarians (one-celled animals or protists). These organisms build their tests of completely uncrystallized (amorphous) silica. Other minor sources of silica skeletons include the particles made by sponges (spicules) and land plants (phytoliths). Siliceous ooze tends to form in cold, deep water because calcareous tests dissolve in those conditions. Chert Formation and Precursors Siliceous ooze turns to chert by going through a slow transformation unlike that of most other rocks. The lithification and diagenesis of chert is an elaborate process.   In some settings, siliceous ooze is pure enough to lithify into a lightweight, minimally processed rock, called diatomite if composed of diatoms, or radiolarite if made of radiolarians. The amorphous silica of a plankton test is not stable outside the living things that make it. It seeks to crystallize, and as ooze is buried to depths greater than 100 meters or so, the silica begins to mobilize with the modest rise in pressure and temperature. There is plenty of pore space and water for this to happen, and plenty of chemical energy being released by crystallization as well as by the breakdown of organic matter in the ooze. The first product of this activity is a hydrated silica (opal) called opal-CT because it resembles cristobalite (C) and tridymite (T) in X-ray studies. In those minerals, silicon and oxygen atoms align with water molecules in a different arrangement than that of quartz. A less-processed version of opal-CT is what makes up with water molecules in a different arrangement than that of quartz. A less-processed version of opal-CT is what makes up common opal. A more processed version of opal-CT is often called opal-C because in X-rays it looks more like cristobalite. The rock composed of lithified opal-CT or opal-C is porcellanite. More diagenesis causes the silica to lose most of its water as it fills pore space in the siliceous sediment. This activity converts the silica into true quartz, in microcrystalline or cryptocrystalline form, also known as the mineral chalcedony. When that happens, chert is formed. Chert Attributes and Signs Chert is as hard as crystalline quartz with a hardness rating of seven  in the Mohs scale   maybe a bit softer, 6.5, if it still has some hydrated silica in it. Beyond simply being hard, chert is a tough rock. It stands above the landscape in outcrops that resist erosion. Oil drillers dread it because its so hard to penetrate. Chert has a curvy conchoidal fracture that is smoother and less splintery than the conchoidal fracture of pure quartz; ancient toolmakers favored it, and high-quality rock was a trade item between tribes. Unlike quartz, chert is never transparent and not always translucent. It has a waxy or resinous luster unlike the glassy luster of quartz.   The colors of chert range from white through red and brown to black, depending on how much clay or organic matter it contains. It often has some sign of its sedimentary origin, such as bedding and other sedimentary structures or microfossils. They may be abundant enough for a chert to get a special name, as in the red radiolarian chert carried to land by plate tectonics from the central ocean floor. Special Cherts Chert is a quite general term for noncrystalline siliceous rocks, and some subtypes have their own names and stories. In mixed calcareous and siliceous sediments, the carbonate and the silica tend to segregate. Chalk beds, the calcareous equivalent of diatomites, may grow lumpy nodules of chert of the type called flint. (Similarly, thick chert beds may grow nodules and pods of limer ock limestone or dolomite rock.) Flint is commonly dark and gray, and more lustrous than typical chert. Agate and Jasper are cherts that form outside the deep-sea setting; they occur where fractures allowed silica-rich solutions to enter and deposit chalcedony. Agate is pure and translucent whereas Jasper is opaque. Both stones commonly have reddish colors from the presence of iron oxide minerals. The peculiar ancient banded iron formations consist of thin layers of interbedded chert and solid hematite. Some important fossil localities are in chert. The Rhynie Cherts in Scotland contain remains of the oldest land ecosystem from nearly 400 million years ago early in the Devonian Period. And the Gunflint Chert, a unit of banded iron formation in western Ontario is famous for its fossil microbes, dating from the Early Proterozoic time some two billion years ago.

Should the U.S. take action to halt North Korea's nuclear weapons Research Paper

Should the U.S. take action to halt North Korea's nuclear weapons program - Research Paper Example 4. The radiation released from attacks against nuclear weapons facilities could kill thousands and be deadly for years to come. 5. The North Korea will become part of the community of nations. Cons: No the U.S should not take action to halt the South Koreas Nuclear Program because†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 1. It will leave the smaller countries such as North Korea defenseless since it is the world’s only superpower. 2. Failure in reconciliation between the two Koreas 3. The U.S.A will end up being seen as a weak nation: running away from a challenge. 4. It could worsen the existing humanitarian situation in South Korea. 5. This will trigger vulnerability causing the other nations to develop their own nuclear weapons program. It is thought that if the USA takes action to halt the nuclear weapons program then there will be a reduced probability that those weapons of destruction will be sold to terrorists. This is because the developers will choose to sell them to the highest bidder s who may as well be terrorists.i This will only be increasing the chances of attacks and generating more insecurity. Again since it is clear that the North has the full capability of developing their own destructives, the USA is posing as destruction and if the USA falls out of place then they will remain at will liberty to develop as much mechanism as possible. As the United States takes action to halt this program it has in consideration the security of their citizens. In coming into the process it is trying to enhance and offer its citizens with the protection with which it is charged. If it calls off its efforts then the country’s security will remain at stake and become more vulnerable. The efforts also help to control the amounts of radiations released in the process. The radiations are extremely harmful and can lead to deaths of many.ii Once the USA halts its efforts then the relationship between the two states will forever remain uncertain and the North Korea will lo se its chance of becoming a part of the community of nations. This can only be achieved through negotiations of six parties which have time and again been held. Through this joint party the USA can be able to lead the others in disabling the Process The United States of America is the only form of super power. Its main responsibility is to intervene whenever any state is exposed to threats. Back from the time of cold war to the current war against terrorism intervention has proved to be Americans Foreign Policy. The state has the responsibility of preserving the liberty of others, protecting virtual national interests and ensuring consistent international stability. The prevalence can be backed by the case of America intervening in the NATO-lead-peace keeping mission in Bosnia. If the United States fails to protect the inferior states then it will leave them in a distress and helplessness. Although for sometimes the South Korea perceived the USA to be an obstacle in attaining the re conciliation between the two Koreas, this has however changed with time. The USA is willing to give support to the South in any way, from the transition to democratic politics that is aimed at bringing remarkable changes.iii The States has great influence on the South and this has leaded them to drop the previous assumptions of it being a liability. The North Korea seems to have a very big failure, when it comes to the aspect of policies it uses. It becomes even more mixed up with the

Wheelchair. Design, Materials and Manufacture Essay

Wheelchair. Design, Materials and Manufacture - Essay Example This equipment is so economical and its operational features are so simple. They are commonly used in nursing homes for evacuating patients from one location to the other. The facilities provided in a wheel chair is in view to care patient and the seats are with large fleets. The design of a wheel chair is in such a way to make it move either by the patient himself or by any supporter by pushing. This provides independence and self sufficiency among disabled persons. Moreover the wheelchair has a remarkable role in the transportation process of disabled persons. Today there are different varieties of wheel chairs and the consumer can choose the apt one according to his convenience and requirements. In order to meet the various requirements of the disabled persons the wheelchairs can be classified as follows. They are manual wheelchairs, light weight wheelchairs, ultra light weight wheelchairs, standard wheelchairs, recliner wheelchairs, sport wheelchairs, heavy duty wheelchairs, tilt wheelchairs and wheelchairs run by artificial power. With respect to their function and facilities the current varieties are far forward than the past ones. Introduction of superfine materials and high class seat cushion technologies in the current varieties of wheelchairs have created remarkable variations from the older ones. Product designing process Comparing to past years experience the process of designing different variety of convenient wheel chairs has taken remarkable improvement. Among these varieties there are wheelchairs which can be operated to climb on stairs and barriers with out any difficulty. A wheelchair having adjustable seat dimension are highly welcomed by the users allover the world. Hence it is high time to think about manufacturing wheelchairs having skilled caring facilities with respect to various environmental conditions. But nowadays people prefer light weight wheelchairs which have advanced adjustments and facilities. Moreover they have started choosing pleasing varieties to have beautiful look. Lighter chairs are highly reliable and provide maximum mobility to the concerned disabled person. Since these wheelchairs are the life long equipments to be used by them it will be better to design varieties which can meet their maximum requirements under highly functional and reliable conditions. To cope up the se requirements the wheelchairs can be designed with respect to environmental friendly techniques so that maximum advantages regarding convenience can be attained. The suitable and easy way to implement this technique is to choose environmental friendly material for manufacturing the wheelchairs. The traditional wheel chairs are often with fixed and large wheel bases. If the seats are to be adjusted according to requirements they can be fixed on proper rail rods with the help of small wheels or any adjustable mechanisms. Another adjustable part of the wheel chair is its seat's frame. One of the side frames can be fixed on to the driving side wheel and the other part of the frame can be fixed to the guide wheel. This mechanical device enables the wheelchair frame to adjust

English Poem Analysis Essay Example for Free

English Poem Analysis Essay In this poem, Pablo Neruda is talking about life, and how he feels that it is an insignificant business. He talks about life after death, saying that nobody keeps what they have and says that life is nothing but a borrowing of bones. The best thing he claims to have learnt from life is that one should not have too much of either joy or sadness, but experience both in equal quantities. He feels that his being happy was a punishment, a condemnation that caused him to plunge into the sorrows of others, and to share with them their sorrow. He says that he did not do this for fame or for money, but because he could not live in the shadows, the shadows of other people. He says that we can heal our own wounds by weeping and singing, but in front of us lie thousands of others who are in constant suffering. He feels that his business on earth was to fulfil his spirit, the happiness he felt with the sum of all his actions. It gave him great joy to bathe in the sea under the sun, and in the very foam of the sea, his heart which lay dying was seeped into the sand. The poet makes use of immense imagery in all his works. There is no poem written by Pablo Neruda, which is lacking imagery. It is one of the most common literary devices used by the poet. And this is one such poem where he has used various kinds of imagery to illustrate his thoughts.

The Death of an Idol Essay -- Personal Narrative

When I was young, my mom took me along everywhere. At least once a month, we would travel to Oregon to visit my Aunt Kathy. I would go to the dark and creepy basement to play with my cousins, Carly and Marni. Together, we usually played with little Carebear figurines. I started to grow close to my cousins, especially Carly, even though she was seven years older than me. Her kindness made me feel warm and welcome. Though she got older, it seemed that I never grew. I always looked up to her and her dedication to everything. My mom used to take me to all of Carly's sporting events in high school. I just loved cheering her on. Whenever she was on the basketball court, she always found time to wink at me in the crowd. I even made big posters to take with me when she made it all the way to state for the three-point contest. After high school, Carly decided that she didn't want to stay around anymore. She wanted to go to college away from home. Since she was such a great student, she figured she'd be fine. Carly decided to attend Hofstra University in New York. We promised to be pen pals. Well, that lasted about a year. I was finally growing up, getting busy, and we were losing touch. When we did write, all that I heard of were the boys she dated, and that her A's were dropping to C's. Every once in a while, I would ask my aunt how Carly was doing. The only answer I ever got was "She's fine." A couple of years later, we ... ...at was the day a letter came in the mail for Carly. She had passed her CPA exam. My Uncle Don was the fire chief of the town, so the funeral was full of firemen and police officers. The procession was even led by a fire truck. I look back now and wish that I could have spent more time with Carly. What exactly was so important that the two of us didn't have time for each other? Even though we had some bad times, I'll always remember the good. I think that we all live a life that is already planned. She skipped her time to go, and got another chance. I'm grateful that in that period I got to reunite with her. I hope that I can live her dreams through my life. After all, she is my idol.

Is Mayella a Victim or Criminal Essay

The norms of society are infectiously pervasive. Sometimes it’s these norms, which don’t let the society appreciate the potential it has causing the innocent victims of society to turn into criminals. It is not just the society which plays a role in creating criminals in fact family and home life is quite influential as well. We notice this when Mayella a nineteen-year-old commits the unspeakable crime of accusing a black man of a rape- who is completely innocent. Even though this event may portray Mayella as a criminal and a racist being, but Mayella herself is a victim of society’s prejudice thinking, her family, and, loneliness. In the city of Maycomb the Ewells have always been looked down on and considered white trash. The Ewells are neither accepted by white people due to their social standing nor black people who disassociate themselves with the Ewells because they are white. Mayella, being different from the other Ewells, wants to experience the world outside of the filth she lives in: â€Å"Against the fence, in a line, were six chipped-enamel slop jars holding brilliant red geraniums.† The germaniums suggest that Mayella desires to be better than her surroundings, to aspire to higher things. Another reason as to why she immediately seizes her chance to finally access the privileges of white womanhood after years of living among pigs. She is someone who does not want her identity to be associated with the Ewells. However, at the end of the day society does not see Mayella for who she is but instead a Ewell. Society’s norm leaves Mayella completely lonely and isolated, so her attraction to Tom Robinson is a consequence of this seclusion. Due to her mother’s absence, Mayella being the oldest of the eight children is forced to look after the younger Ewell children, since Bob is out drinking up his relief check. Her relationship with her father is incestuous and abusive, but she doesn’t have anywhere to go or anyone to help her. However when she is approached, pitied, and helped by Tom Robinson, she craves him. But what she really feels is happiness of being with someone in hope of receiving the love she has been deprived of. Her decision to falsely accuse Tom Robinson of rape is certainly a horrendous  act, but she no doubt was forced to do so by her father, Bob, to cover the fact that he beat her himself. The only reason she begins to employ the same low, underhanded tactics of persuasion as her father is for her own safety. Loneliness is the main reason why Mayella throws herself on Tom Robinson. Being a young teen girl she has been through many hardships raising her siblings, enduring her father’s beatings, and having her mother snatched from her at a very young age. Like any girl at this age she dreams that her perfect man will come and take her away from this filth she is living in and give her all the love she has been deprived of however, she doesn’t understand that this is her misconception and in real life nothing like this will happen. But without the right guidance and love she will be keep hurting herself by putting herself through all this exploitation. She seeks this love because she gets from nowhere else, as her mother has passed away, her dad is an alcoholic, and she has no friends. She may be a criminal for accusing Tom Robinson for something he hasn’t done but she herself is also a victim of the society, her family, and loneliness. But it’s these experiences that urged her to become a criminal. She was also a mockingbird who got exposed to the cruelty of the world causing her to kill another mockingbird.

The Personality Of A Personality Disorder - 2415 Words

During many years and even today, society has wonder about some of the personality disorders. Every time they hear about those disorders people tend to think that there is murder and abuse involve and that those people are dangerous to society. Since people lack knowledge about the different types of personality disorders, they tend to lack the ability to deal with those type of people. There has always been questions about the symptoms, causes, treatment and involvement in society that involve the Antisocial, Anxiety and Narcissist disorders. We hear about these disorders everywhere, in media and in everyday life. However, we do not completely understand these disorders to the extent to know what kind of people live around us. First of all, the antisocial personality disorder is one of the most common disorder that many people have the least knowledge. Another name to the antisocial personality disorder is Sociopath. Since this disorder is antisocial, the symptoms that involve this disorder reflect some lack of involvement in society. â€Å"Disregard of right and wrong† is one of the symptoms that involve the lack of involvement in society. Since an antisocial does not acknowledges between right and wrong, the involvement in criminal activity is common. These people can also be â€Å"persistent lying or deceit to exploit others, being callous, cynical and disrespectful of others, using charm or wit to manipulate others for personal gain or personal pleasure, arrogance, a sense ofShow MoreRelatedPersonality Disorders : A Personality Disorder1030 Words   |  5 PagesPersonality disorders (PD) are inflexible and maladaptive traits in a person, which makes them unable to perform adequately in some of the varied roles expected of them by their society (Butcher, 2013). These chronic and persistent behavioral and emotional disturbances are often difficult to treat. 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